PRAECO: [Web:museums] The Art Walters Museum : Thoth

Wednesday, May 25, 2011

[Web:museums] The Art Walters Museum : Thoth - Ibis

Thoth-Ibis

Date (Period): ca. 320-250 BC (early Greco-Roman)

Medium: Egyptian faience with blue and green glaze

Measurements: H: 15/16 x W: 1/4 x D: 1 5/16 in. (2.45 x 0.65 x 3.4 cm)

The Ibis was the sacred bird of Thoth, patron deity of scribes and writing and god of wisdom. Thoth recorded the results of the judgment of the deceased in the underworld in a ceremony called the "weighing of the heart." Wearing the amulet placed the deceased under the protection of the god. This amulet displays a recumbent Ibis on a base with a loop on the back, directly behind its head.

Credit Line: Acquired by Henry Walters

Accession Number: 48.1681

Location within Museum: Centre Street: Second Floor: Egyptian Art

Dynasty: early Ptolemaic Dynasty

Place of Origin: Egypt

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PRAECONES

PRAECOʹNES, criers, were employed for various purposes:

1. In sales by auction, they frequently advertised the time, place, and conditions of sale: they seem also to have acted the part of the modern auctioneer, so far as calling out the biddings and amusing the company, though the property was knocked down by the magister auctionis (Hor. Ars Poet. 419; Cic. ad Att. XII.40, de Off. II.23). [Auctio.]

2. In all public assemblies they ordered silence (Liv. III.47; Plaut. Poen. prol. 11).

3. In the comitia they called the centuries one by one to give their votes, pronounced the vote of each century, and called out the names of those who were elected (Cic. c. Verr. V.15, pro Mil. 35). They also recited the laws that were to be passed.

4. In trials, they summoned the accuser and the accused, the plaintiff and defendant (Suet. Tib. 11).

5. In the public games, they invited the people to attend, and proclaimed the victors (Cic. ad Fam. V.12).

6. In solemn funerals they also invited people to attend by a certain form; hence these funerals were called Funera Indictiva (Festus, s.v. Quirites; Suet. Jul. 84).

7. When things were lost, they cried them and searched for them (Plaut. Merc. III.4.78; Petron. 57).

8. In the infliction of capital punishment, they sometimes conveyed the commands of the magistrates to the lictors (Liv. XXVI.15).

Their office, called praeconium, appears to have been regarded as rather disreputable: in the time of Cicero a law was passed preventing all persons who had been praecones from becoming decuriones in the municipia (Cic. ad Fam. VI.18). Under the early emperors, however, it became very profitable (Juv. III.157, VII.6; Martial, V.56.11, VI.8.5), which was no doubt partly owing to the bribes which they received from the suitors, &c.

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